Child Arrangement Lawyers in Australia | Child Arrangements Order

Resource Hub – Articles/Blog

child arrangements >

What sort of orders can a court make about children?

A court can make orders about:

which parent a child lives with;
how much time a child spends with the other parent;
how a child communicates with a parent;
parental responsibility.

Are Informal Parenting Agreements Legally Binding?

Following separation, many parents make informal arrangements about how their children will be cared for.

These arrangements may be reached between parents directly, or with the assistance of:

family counselling services;
Family Dispute Resolution (FDR);
mediation; or
lawyers.

While informal agreements can work well for some families, it is important to understand that they are not legally enforceable.

If one parent decides not to follow an informal arrangement, the other parent generally cannot enforce the agreement in the same way they could enforce a Court order.

Formalising Parenting Arrangements

Parents who have reached agreement about parenting arrangements may choose to formalise their agreement in different ways.

Options may include:

Parenting Plans

A parenting plan is a written agreement between parents that sets out arrangements for their children.

A parenting plan may address matters such as:

where children live;
the time children spend with each parent;
holidays and special occasions;
communication arrangements; and
decision-making responsibilities.

A parenting plan is not a legally enforceable Court order, although it can be relevant if parenting issues later come before the Court.

Consent Parenting Orders

Parents may also apply to the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia for parenting orders by consent.

Consent orders provide greater certainty because they are legally enforceable.

Agreement is often reached through:

negotiation between parents;
lawyer-assisted discussions;
mediation; or
Family Dispute Resolution.

Should I Obtain Legal Advice Before Agreeing to Parenting Arrangements?

Yes.

Before agreeing to parenting arrangements, it is important to understand how the agreement may affect your rights and responsibilities as a parent.

An experienced family lawyer can help you consider:

whether the proposed arrangements are in your children’s best interests;
whether the agreement is practical and sustainable;
whether it should be formalised;
the impact of arrangements on future family law issues; and
whether additional advice is needed regarding child support or financial matters.

Parenting Lawyers Melbourne

At Mathews Family Law & Mediation Specialists, our Accredited Family Law Specialists assist parents to resolve parenting disputes through negotiation, mediation, Family Dispute Resolution and, where necessary, Court proceedings.

Our focus is on helping families develop practical arrangements that prioritise the wellbeing of children while protecting parents’ legal rights.

Contact our team to discuss your parenting arrangements and legal options.

About Vanessa Mathews — Accredited Family Law Specialist

This page was prepared and reviewed by Vanessa Mathews, Principal of Mathews Family Law & Mediation Specialists. Vanessa is an Accredited Family Law Specialist, Accredited Family Dispute Resolution Practitioner (FDRP) and Mediator who practises exclusively in family law. She assists clients throughout Australia with separation, divorce, parenting disputes, property settlements, financial agreements and other complex family law matters.

Helping families resolve conflict through specialist legal expertise and constructive dispute resolution.

Last reviewed: 24 July 2026

Disclaimer: This page provides general information only and does not constitute legal advice. Every family law matter is different and you should obtain advice tailored to your circumstances.

What is parental responsibility?

Each of the parents of a child has parental responsibility for the child, however a court may make an Order to override this. For example, a court may give one parent sole parental responsibility for decisions concerning a child’s education.

Where there is an Order for equal shared parental responsibility then the parents must make joint decisions about major long term issues, such as education, religious upbringing and major medical treatment.

My spouse has threatened to take my child overseas. Can he do that?

There may be circumstances where you may require an injunction or a restraining order. This is a court order to stop someone from doing something which may disadvantage you, such as stopping your spouse/partner from withdrawing savings out of a bank account or taking the children overseas or moving the children’s residence or school without your consent.

Parenting Plans

A Parenting Plan must deal with one or more of the following matters:

the person or persons with whom the child is to live,
the time that the child is to spend with another person or other persons,
the allocation of parental responsibilities for a child,
how parents consult about decisions to be made,
communication the child is to have with others,
maintenance of a child,
how to resolve disputes about the plan,
how to change the plan to for changing needs of the child parents and
any aspect of the care, welfare or development of the child or any other aspects of parental responsibility for a child.

A Parenting Order may be varied by a later Parenting Plan, but Parenting Plans cannot be enforced as an Order. When an application is made to a Court for Orders in relation to a child, the most recent Parenting Plan will be considered, if it is in the child’s best interest.

A parenting plan will be unworkable where:

both Consent Orders and the plan deal with the same subject matter.
the plan is vague and uncertain,
the plan is silent on important issues or
the plan deals with issues that cannot be part of a parenting plan such as Child Support or spouse maintenance.

Why Every Family Should have One

Divorcing parents are often so busy with their own anger or arguing over who gets what to remember their most important shared property their children. By law, parents have a shared responsibility, which means that both parents must take care of their children’s financial, emotional and physical needs. Family law in Australia encourages parents to work together on these issues and encourages families to create a “parenting plan” before divorce or the termination of a de facto relationship.

The purpose of a parenting plan is to detail the responsibilities and rights of each parent in order to do what’s best for the children. A good parenting plan includes a day-to-day schedule for the children, a break-down of time that each parent is to spend with the child for every day of the year, including all civil, religious and school holidays, payments for all of the various expenses, including medical, dental and after school activities, and how the parents will settle future disagreements. The court cannot grant a divorce order until it is satisfied that proper parenting arrangements are in place. If parents are unable to create a parenting plan on their own, the court will do it for them.

The best parenting plan is one made by the parents themselves. Some parents are able to do this on their own, or with the help of a mediator or another trained professional in other methods of Family Dispute Resolution.

While a parenting plan is an agreement between the parents and cannot be enforced by the courts, there are legal remedies if a parent does not follow the plan. The other parent may turn to the court and the court may make new orders based on the original parenting plan.

Below are five reasons to make a parent plan.

Everybody knows where they stand

A good parenting plan will include everything from which nights the children sleep at Dad’s house to what religion they will be brought up in to how the parents will settle disagreements between themselves. This limits places for disagreement and fighting between parents and gives them the tools to resolve disputes when they arise. There’s no disagreement about where the kids will go for Christmas because it’s written in the plan.

More importantly, the children have stability. No matter what the arrangement, divorce or separation is hard on the children. But having a regular routine, knowing that both parents agree on a particular decision and maintaining a loving relationship with both parents will make the transition and the coming years easier.

Building Trust

Most likely, there is a lot of mistrust with the termination of the relationship. Oddly, a parenting plan can help parents rebuild their faith in one another. Creating the plan may also allow parents to hear from their children what they need and want. Children, who may feel insecure in the new family setup, may be able to find a way to overcome emotional insecurity and learn to trust the family relationships again.

Starting Fresh

Laying out the plan ahead of time is not just good for the kids. it’s good for the parents too. Following divorce or the end of a de facto relationship, parents have their own issues to cope with – living on one income, taking care of a home, and perhaps, even starting a new relationship. Each parent needs to find time for him or herself to begin fresh but still be a responsible, caring parent. A parenting plan that lays out the when and where, and leaves less room for surprises creates stability and structure for the parents as well as the children.

Financial Planning for Present and Future

A good parenting plan will detail who covers which expenses. In addition to the basics like food and clothing, there are many “extras” that also need to be considered, including special medical and dental expenses, after-school activities and summer camp. As children get older, parents need to think about driving lessons, university fees, and even weddings. A good plan will take the future and not just the current month or year into consideration. The current parenting plan doesn’t need to have all of these expenses included already, but it should provide a way for the parents to work out the division of these costs as they arise. For example, parents may agree on percentages of incomes to be paid to a university fund for each child. This prevents arguments between the “ex’s” and allows both sides to properly plan for the future.

A method for working it out

No plan is foolproof, and one of the most important parts of a good parenting plan is the mechanism for settling disputes. For divorcing couples, this might even be the first time there is a plan for such inevitabilities in place. Each family must figure out what works best for them. Some may settle disputes by meeting over coffee in a neutral place. Others may feel an outside mediator is necessary. In many cases, just knowing a system for resolving problems exists helps families work through any difficulties that arise.

And one last note…..

Despite the plan, parents should remember that parenting doesn’t always follow a plan, despite the good intentions of both parents. It’s inevitable that one parent will suddenly have an amazing work or vacation opportunity and ask the other parent to fill in, or a child will want both parents to be involved in a special project. Parents need to remember that the children are at the center of any good plan. They are not machines, they can’t always follow the adult rules parents make for them and they have their own needs and wants. Parents need to remain open-minded, flexible and fair, even if every detail is not written into the plan.

Parenting Issues

Each of the parents of a child has responsibility for the child and a court can make an order which alters aspects of a parents responsibility toward their child. For example, a court could give one parent sole responsibility for decisions concerning a child’s education

As a starting point it is presumed that it is in the best interests of a child for parents to have equal shared parental responsibility for the child. This presumption is dropped if a parent has engaged in family violence.

Shared parental responsibility means parents must consult with each other about major long term issues affecting the child, such as education, religious upbringing and major medical treatment. Shared parental responsibility does not mean children must spend equal time with each parent, however they might spend substantial and significant time with the child. Parents will not spend equal time with their children if it is not reasonably practical or in the child’s best interests.

[Case: What is reasonably practicable in Mt Isa?]

Substantial and significant time means:

the time the child spends with the parent includes both weekend and week days and
the parent is able to be involved in the child’s daily routine and occasions and events that are important to the child or the parent.

Parenting Arrangements

A family breakdown brings about many emotional issues, parenting arrangements are probably the most difficult to resolve.

Where will the children live?
When will each parent get to see the children?
How long will each parent have with the children?

These questions form the basis of all parenting arrangements, but the key issue for the arrangements is what is in the child’s best interests?

Parenting arrangements after separation can be finalized by way of Consent Orders or a Parenting Plan.

The lawyers at Mathews Family Law & Mediation Specialists Melbourne have significant experience and expertise with regard to issues that affect children. We can help you and your family develop parenting arrangements that recognize your child’s best interests. We can help provide the stability your children needs and minimise the impact of the changes on their lives. Formalizing parenting arrangements is also beneficial where there is a high level of conflict and a limited ability for the parents to communicate amicably between themselves.

Sometimes arrangements are based on informal verbal agreements with your ex-partner, but in most cases it is best for these arrangements to be written and recognised by a Court. We consider it is best for parents to have made arrangements in advance for each parent’s time with the children, particularly for special events such as Birthdays, Easter and Christmas. An agreement can help avoid disputes in the future about parenting arrangements for the children, reduce conflict and enhance security and stability for children.

Once agreement is reached we can draft Consent Orders so that the agreement is formally recognised by the Australian legal system.

If negotiation between the parties does not resolve all outstanding issues, we can assist you through arranging and assisting your participation in mediation. If an Agreement can’t be reached, or in the case of extenuating circumstances then Court processes might be required. Our highly experienced litigators will exercise care and compassion combined with the determination and expertise required to obtain the best results.

Mathews Family Law is a Melbourne family law firm.

Please contact us on 1300 635 529 to speak with a family lawyer from our law firm today. You can also send through your enquiry online now and we will contact you shortly.

The other parent has taken the children and is refusing to return them. What should I do?

If you have an order that the children live with you or spend time with you and the children have been taken or not returned, you need to apply to the Court for a recovery order. This order allows the police (both state and federal) to find and return your children to you.

If you do not have an order that the children live with or spend time with you, you need to apply to the Court for such an order, as well as a recovery order. This can be done simultaneously.

Sometimes, in an emergency, the Court may give these orders ex parte, that is, without the other parent being at court. If you are worried that the children might be taken out of Australia you should put the children’s names on the Airport Watch List. You will need to apply to the Court to place the children on the Watch List and send a copy of the application and any court orders made to the Federal Police.

Can I relocate overseas with my children?

If a parent moves away that move may affect the children’s ability to spend time with the other parent.

If there are court orders you need to check whether the move will breach the order. If it is likely you will be in breach if you move then you need to have the orders varied either by consent or by the Court. You must do this before you move.

Where there is a parenting plan or informal agreement for your children to spend time with the other parent, the Court could be asked by the other parent to issue an order which stops you from leaving.

If there are no existing Court Orders in place, you can move overseas if the other parent consents to you relocating.

If the other parent does not consent to the move you will need to obtain a Court Order.

I want to move out of the area – can I just take the children or do I need the other parent’s permission?

If a parent moves away that move may affect the children’s ability to spend time with the other parent.

If there are Court Orders you need to check whether the move will breach the order. If it is likely you will be in breach if you move then you need to have the orders varied either by consent or by the Court. You must do this before you move.

If there are no Court Orders you will not be breaching any orders by moving. Where there is a parenting plan or informal agreement for your children to spend time with the other parent, the Court could be asked by the other parent to issue an order which stopping you from leaving.

You can move away if the other parent consents to you relocating. If the other parent does not consent to the move you will need to obtain a Court Order.

My ex-partner has taken our children without my permission – what do I do?

If you have a Court Order that the children live with you and the children have not been returned, you should try to talk to the other parent and see if you can agree to a return of the children.

If you can’t contact the other parent or they refuse to discuss the situation you can apply to the Court for a Recovery Order.

What sort of orders can a court make about children?

Are Informal Parenting Agreements Legally Binding?

Formalising Parenting Arrangements

Parenting Plans

Consent Parenting Orders

Should I Obtain Legal Advice Before Agreeing to Parenting Arrangements?

Parenting Lawyers Melbourne

About Vanessa Mathews — Accredited Family Law Specialist

What is parental responsibility?

My spouse has threatened to take my child overseas. Can he do that?

Parenting Plans

Why Every Family Should have One

Everybody knows where they stand

Building Trust

Starting Fresh

Financial Planning for Present and Future

A method for working it out

And one last note…..

Parenting Issues

Parenting Arrangements

The other parent has taken the children and is refusing to return them. What should I do?

Can I relocate overseas with my children?

I want to move out of the area – can I just take the children or do I need the other parent’s permission?

My ex-partner has taken our children without my permission – what do I do?

Vanessa Mathews

Managing Director FDRP and Mediator

BCOMM BSW LLB

Accredited Family Law Specialist, FDRP, Mediator and Parenting Coordinator

Book A Free Consult

Vanessa Mathews

Managing Director FDRP and Mediator

BCOMM BSW LLB

Accredited Family Law Specialist, FDRP, Mediator and Parenting Coordinator

Book A Free Consult

Accredited Family Law Specialist, FDRP,
Mediator and Parenting Coordinator

Accredited Family Law Specialist, FDRP,
Mediator and Parenting Coordinator